MCQ Chapter 13 Organisms and Populations Class 12 Biology

Please refer to Organisms and Populations MCQ Questions Class 12 Biology below. These MCQ questions for Class 12 Biology with answers have been designed as per the latest NCERT, CBSE books, and syllabus issued for the current academic year. These objective questions for Organisms and Populations will help you to prepare for the exams and get more marks.

Organisms and Populations MCQ Questions Class 12 Biology

Please see solved MCQ Questions for Organisms and Populations in Class 12 Biology. All questions and answers have been prepared by expert faculty of standard 12 based on the latest examination guidelines.

MCQ Questions Class 12 Biology Organisms and Populations

Question- What is common to Lantana, Eichhornia and African catfish?
(a) All are endangered species of India
(b) All are key stone species
(c) All are mammals found in India
(d) All the species are not indigenous species of India

Question- The measure of resources enough to support a maximum possible number of species, beyond which no further growth is possible, is known as:
(a) Population growth
(b) Biotic potential
(c) Carrying capacity
(d) None of these

Question- Which kind of pyramid will be obtained if a small standing crop of higher trophic levels?
(a) Inverted pyramid of number
(b) Upright pyramid of number
(c) Inverted pyramid of biomass
(d) Upright pyramid of biomass

Question- Examine the food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem. Which species is autotrophic and decomposer respectively?

(a) A and E
(b) B and E
(c) C and A
(d) E and A

Question- Initiative concerned with the conservation of wetlands of international importance, is
(a) Ramsar convention
(b) Millenium Goals
(c) Montrial protocol
(d) Kyoto protocol

Question- In case of plant succession, when climax is reached, the net productivity of the ecosystem
(a) Continues to increased
(b) Becomes halved
(c) Become stable
(d) Become zero

Question- Statement I- National parks are meant for the welfare of the wild life.
Statement II – National parks are controlled by State Governments.
(a) Both the statements are wrong
(b) Both the statements are right
(c) Statements I is right statement II is wrong
(d) Statements II is right statement I is wrong

Question- The entire sequence of communities that successively change in a given area is called—-.
(a) Climax Community
(b) Sere
(c) Pioneer community
(d) Standing state

Question- Choose the correct statement from the following-
(a) The temperature of earth has increased by 0.6⁰C in the past century.
(b) CH₄ contributes about 14% of all the green houses gases to global warming.
(c) Clouds and gases reflect about one-third of the incoming solar radiation, and absorb some of it.
(d) EI Nino effect is referred of the ice caps of the Himalayan region.

Question- ——– refers to the increase in the concentration of toxicant like mercury at a successive level.
(a) Productivity
(b) Biomagnification
(c) Decomposition
(d) Eutrophication

Question- The rat in North American desert is capable of meeting all its water requirements through its internal fat oxidation. It is an example of –
(a) Morphological adaptaion
(b) Behavioral adaptation
(c) Anatomical adaptation
(d) Physiological adaptation

Question- Of the total incident solar radiation, the proportion of PAR is-
(a) About 60%
(b) Less than 50%
(c) More than 80%
(d) About70%

Question- Mammals from colder climates generally have shorter ears and limbs to minimize heat loss. This is called-
(a) Bergman’s rule
(b) Gorger’s rule
(c) Allen’s rule
(d) Jordan’s rule

Question- Select the wrong statement regarding energy flow in an ecosystem.
(a) Energy flow in one direction only.
(b) About 1 to 5% of the energy reaching the ground is converted by the green plants into chemical energy.
(c) Energy requirement for maintenance of body gradually decreases in successive trophic levels.
(d) Only 10% of the gross productivity of producers is entrapped by herbivores for their body building.

Question- Which of the following is a matching pair of certain organisn(s) and the kind of association between them?
(a) Algae and fungi in lichens – Mutualism
(b) Shark and sucker fish – Ammensalism
(c) Orchids growing on trees – Parasitism
(d) Cuscuta(dodder) growing on other flowering plants -Epiphytism

Question- Select the correct statement from the following
(a) Activated sludge-sediment in settlement tanks of sewage treatment plant is a rich source of anaerobic bacteria.
(b) Biogas is produced by the activity of anaerobic bacteria on animal waste.
(c) Methanobacterium is an anaerobic bacterium found in the rumen of cattle.
(d) Biogas, commonly called gobar gas, is pure Methane.

Question- According to the 2011 census, the population growth rate in India was?
(a) Less than 2% 
(b) 3-4%
(c) Negative 
(d) More than 5%

Question- A high density of a protected animal in a national park can results in
(a) Mutualism
(b) Intraspecific competition
(c) Emigration
(d) Predation

Question- What are the adaptions seen in animals that live in water scarcity conditions?
(a) Having a thick coat to minimize evaporative desiccation
(b) Oxidizing stored fat to produce water as by product
(c) Producing very concentrated urine and solid faeces
(d) All of these

Question- Which of the following related to integrated waste water treatment processes with in a natural system?
(a) The system created by Ramesh Chandra Dagar
(b) Jhum cultivation
(c) Formation of polyblend
(d) Friends of Arcata Marsh(FOAM)

Question- Ecological succession is
(a) Directional unpredictable.
(b) Nondirectional predictables.
(c) Gradual and predictable.
(d) Directionless and unpredictable.

Question- Exponential growth in human population is represented in
(a) Lag phase 
(b) Log phase
(c) Plateau stage 
(d) First stage

Question- Identify the correctly matched pair.
(a) Montreal protocol – Ozone depletion
(b) Kyoto protocol – Ozone depletion
(c) Ramsar convention – Ground water pollution
(d) Basel convention – Biodiversity conservation

Question- How many statements are correct?
a. Biomaginification is the natural ageing of a lake by nutrient enrichment of its water
b. After CFC, methane is a major cause of green house effect
c. Ozone is a secondary pollutant in troposphere
d. The thickness of the ozone is measured in Dobson unit
(a) a, b 
(b) Only a 
(c) c, d 
(d) a, b, c

Question- Biotic potential refers to
(a) Increase of population under optimum condition
(b) Increase of population under given condition
(c) Increase of population under natural condition
(d) Increase of population under climate condition

Question- Photochemical smog does not contains :-
(a) Nitriogen dioxide
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) PAN(Peroxy acylnitrate)
(d) Ozone

Question- In the forest ecosystem, yeast, molds, and mushrooms are grouped as
(a) Producer
(b) Consumer
(c) Secondary consumer
(d) Decomposer

Question- Match the columns:

(a) A=ii, B= iv, C= v, D= i, E=ii
(b) A=v, B= i, C= iii, D= iv, E=ii
(c) A=iv, B= v, C= i, D= ii, E=iii
(d) A=ii, B= iii, C= iv, D= v, E=ii

Question- Limit of the environment to support a population is called its
(a) Biotic potential
(b) Purifying capacity
(c) Carrying capacity
(d) Environmental resistance

Question- Which of the following is a characteristic of an early community?
(a) Narrow niche specialization.
(b) High species diversity.
(c) High Net Community Productivity.
(d) Complex food web.

Question- What are the key elements that lead to so much variations in the physical and chemical conditions of different habitats?
(a) Temperature and water
(b) Light and soil
(c) Only temperature
(d) Temperature, water, light and soil

Question- A few organisms can tolerate and thrive a wide range of temperature. Such animals are called
(a) stenothermal
(b) eurythermal
(c) thermophilic
(d) ectothermal

Question- Organisms that are restricted to a narrow range of salinity, are called
(a) ectohaline
(b) osmoconformer
(c) euryhaline
(d) stenohaline

Question- Percolation and water holding capacity of soil is dependent upon
(a) soil composition
(b) grain size
(c) aggregation
(d) all of these

Question- The process in which the body’s internal environment is kept stable is known as
(a) homeostasis
(b) adaptation
(c) geometry
(d) acclimatization

Question- Population density of aquatic animals in some waterbody is measured in term of per –
(a) m²
(b) m⁴
(c) m
(d) m³

Question- The age structure of a population is its –
(a) Relative number of individuals at each age
(b) Number of newborns each year
(c) Number of a young reaching puberty each year
(d) Relative number of deaths at each age

Question- Which of the following is false?
(a) In a population birth rate and death rate refer to per capita births and death respectively
(b) The size of a population for any species is a static parameter
(c) In nature, we rarely find isolated, single individuals of any species
(d) Ecological effects of any factors on a population are generally reflected in its size / population density

Question- Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Sometimes population density has more impact than the population size, and sometimes vice versa
(b) The carrying capacity of a habitat always remains the same
(c) Under normal conditions, births and deaths are the most important factors influencing population density, tl other 2 factors (immigration and emigrations) are important in special condition
(d) a and c

Question- Total number of individual of a specific in an area is called –
(a) Population size
(b) Population density
(c) Demography
(d) Population dynamics

Question- If in a pond there are 20 lotus last year and through reproduction 8 new plants are added, taking current population to 28. The birth rate per year is –
(a) 0.4
(b) 0.8
(c) 2.8
(d) 0.28

Question- What four factors define population growth?
(a) Births; deaths, immigration, emigration
(b) Survivorship, age-specific mort ty, fecundity, death rate
(c) Mark-recapture, census, quadrate sampling, transects
(d) Age-specific birth rate, metapopulation structure, quadrate, ecotone

Question- Adaptation is an attribute of organisms that enables them to survive and reproduce in their habitats. Adaptation-
(a) May be morphological
(b) may be physiological
(c) May be behavioural
(d) All

Question- Keolado National Park (Bharatpur) hosts thousands of migrating birds from Siberia and other extremely cold northern regions. This park is located in –
(a) Gujrat
(b) West Bengal
(c) Rajasthan
(d) Madhya Pradesh

Question- Symptoms of altitude sickness include all except –
(a) Nausea
(b) Fatigue
(c) Heart palpitations
(d) Hyperoxia

Question- Which of the following is an important adaptation of animals to cold climate –
(a) Thin layer of body fat
(b) Aestivation
(c) Increased tendency to shiver
(d) Reduced surface area to volume ratio

Question- Which of the following is not a factor that would limit the growth of a population?
(a) Food shortage
(b) Immigration
(c) Disease
(d) Weather

Question- Parameters related to age structure include –
(a) Fecundity (birth rate)
(b) Generation time
(c) Death rate
(d) All

Question- The age distribution of a population is determined by –
(a) Timing of birth
(b) Timing of death
(c) The rate at which the population is growing
(d) All

Question- Population density of terrestrial organism is measured in terms of per –
(a) meter
(b) meter²
(c) meter³
(d) meter⁴

Question- If most individuals in a population are young, why is the population likely to grow rapidly in the future?
(a) Many individuals will begin to reproduce soon
(b) Death rates will be low
(c) Immigration and emigration can be ignored
(d) The population has a skewed age distribution

Question- In an area, there are 200 Parthenium and a single huge banyan tree.. Which of the following conclusions is correct?
(a) Population density of banyan is low relative to that of Parthenium.
(b) Population cover area of banyan is high relative to Parthenium.
(c) In the above case % cover or biomass is a more meaningful measure of the population size.
(d) All the above

Question- A population of 100 individuals has a doubling time of 25 years. What size will this population be in 100 years?
(a) 100
(b) 400
(c) 1600
(d) 3200

Question- Which is not related to S-shaped population curve?
(a) Environmental resistance suddenly becomes effective
(b) Exponential phase is followed by decline phase
(c) Mass mort ty and population crash occurs
(d) aandc 94. Biotic potential refers to –
(a) Increase of population under optimum condition
(b) Increase of population under given condition
(c) Increase of population under natural condition
(d) Increase of population under stress condition

Question- Biotic potential refers to –
(a) Increase of population under optimum condition
(b) Increase of population under given condition
(c) Increase of population under natural condition
(d) Increase of population under stress condition

Question- Organisms with very high intrinsic growth rates have –
(a) Long generation time
(b) Short generation time
(c) No earring capacity
(d) No courtship behaviours

Question- Which of the following is correct?
(a) Natality under actual conditions is called ecological nat ty
(b) Ability of an environment to support a population is called earring capacity ‘
(c) Plants are killed by frost in winter because of desiccation and mechanical damage
(d) AII

Question- Vital index of a population is –
(a) (B/D) x 100
(b) B-D
(c) (D/B)x 100
(d) B + D

Question- As the number of individuals approaches the carrying capacity of a population, which of the following is predicted by the sigmoidal growth curve?
(a) Population biomass will remain the same
(b) Population density will increase exponentially
(c) Population growth rate will decrease
(d) Population growth rate will increase

Question- Assuming that an animal generates heat at a rate proportional to its volume and can radiate heat at a rate proportional to its body surface area. Which of the following would be best at maintaining its body temperature in a cold climate-
(a) Mouse
(b) Rabbit
(c) bear
(d) Fox

Question- Allen’s rule is related to –
(a) Hibernation
(b) Aestivation
(c) Migration
(d) Evolution

Question- Logistic growth occurs when there is –
(a) Asexual reproduction only
(b) Sexual reproduction only
(c) No inhibition from crowding
(d) A fixed carrying capacity

Question- Exponential growth occurs when there is –
(a) Asexual reproduction only
(b) Sexual reproduction only
(c) No inhibition from crowding
(d) A fixed carrying capacity

Question- Which of the following can be a limit on population growth?
(a) Food and water
(b) Space
(c) Accumulated wastes
(d) AII

Question- A behavioural strategy of adaptation is called echolocation is found in –
(a) bats
(b) Butterfly
(c) Praying mantis
(d) Arctic tern

Question- What is the fate of a population that is dominated by younger individuals and lacking older individuals?
(a) Growing
(b) Declining
(c) Becomes highly dynamic
(d) Unpredictable

Question- An “Urn” shaped population age pyramid represents-
(a) Growing population
(b) Static population
(c) Declining population
(d) Threatened population

Question- Periodic departure and return is known as –
(a) Migration
(b) Immigration
(c) Emigration
(d) Mutation

Question- A population with a larger proportion of older individuals than younger ones willlikely-
(a) Grow larger and then decline
(b) Continue to grow larger indefinitely
(c) Grow smaller and may stabilize at a smaller population size
(d) Not experience a change in population size

Question- Which of the following is true fpr the carrying capacity (K)?
(a) When N = K, the birth rate in a population is zero
(b) The rate of population growth in ah unlimited environment is proportional to K
(c) K is always; cieterrhined by the amount of food in an environment
(d) In ajidpuiatidn at its K thfe> birth rate equals the death rate

Question- In a life table, the number of individuals ve at he beginning of the 1-year to 2-year age interval is 800. During this interval 200 individuals die. The death rate for this interval is –
(a) 0.25
(b) 200
(c) 800
(d) 0.2

Question- Which of the following is true concerning exponential growth?
(a) No population can grow exponentially for long.
(b) Exponential growth slows down as the population nears its maximal size
(c) bacterial colonies have been observed to maintain exponential growth for over a month
(d) Exponential growth is commonly observed in large, slow-growing species such as humans and elephants 0
The population growth equation describes a population that-
(a) Grows without limits
(b) Grows rapidly at small population sizes, but whose growth rate slows and eventually stops as the population reaches the number the environment can support
(c) Rapidly overshoots the number the environment can support and then fluctuates around this number
(d) Grows very rapidly and then crashes when the environmental resources are used up

Question- Which of these is an explanation of why a population can fluctuate once it has reached earring capacity?
(a) The number of organisms decreases but never increases it reaches earring capacity
(b) All populations experience exponential growth once they reach earring capacity
(c) A population of organisms always grow rapidly once it reaches earring capacity
(d) Limiting factors can influence the number of organisms in a population once it reaches earring capacity

Question- The logistic population growth model, dN/dt = rN (K- N/K), describes a populations growth when an upper limit to growth is assumed. This upper limit to growth is known as the population’s ________, and as N gets larger,dN/dt _______ .
(a) Biotic potential, increases
(b) Biotic potential, decreases
(c) Carring capacity, increases
(d) Carring capacity, decreases

Question- Choose the correct option-
(a) Geometric growth produces J-shaped population growth curve
(b) Logistic growth occurs when resources are limiting
(c) For exponential growth equation is N( = N0ert
(d) AII

Question- Which of the following is false?
I. The human liver fluke, a nematode parasite, depends on two intermediate hosts (snail and fish) to complete its life cycle.
II. The malaria parasite needs a vector (mosquito) to spread to other parasite.
III. The female mosquito is not considered parasite, however it needs our blood for reproduction.
IV. In case of brood parasitism, the eggs of parasitic birds (e.g. cuckoo) are not detected and ejected from the nest because of parasite’s eggs resemble the hosts eggs in morphology and colour.
V. A population of frogs protected from all predators would increase indefinitely.
(a) All
(b) None
(c) Only III
(d) Only V

Question- Which one of the following is incorrect?
(a) Biological control methods adopted in agricultural pest control are based on the ability of the predator to regulate prey population
(b) Predators also help in maintaining species diversity in a community by increasing the intensity of competition among competing prey species
(c) In the rocky intertidal communities of the American Pacific Coast the starfish piaster is an important predator.
(d) In a field experiment, when all the starfish were removed from an enclosed intertidal area, more than 10

Question- Some organisms reproduce only once in their lifetimes because they –
(a) Invest so much in reproduction that they have insufficient reserves for survival
(b) Produce so many offspring at one time that they do not need to survive longer
(c) Do not have enough eggs to reproduce again
(d) Do not have enough sperm to reproduce again

Question- Which one is true? ‘ .
(a) Herbivores and plants appear to be more adversely affected by competition than carnivores
(b) Vice versa
(c) Both are equal affected
(d) No relation can be established

Question- Carrying capacity for a population is estimated at 500; the population size is currently 400; and rmax = p.01. What isdN/dt?
(a) 0.01
(b) 0.8
(c) 8
(d) 50

Question- Choose the odd one out w.r.t parasitism –
(a) Parasites show adaptations like loss of digested system and high reproductive capacity.
(b) Parasite may reduce the survival, growth and reproduction of host.
(c) Life cycles of ecto parasites are more complex
(d) Brood parasitism is seen in birds

Question- A population grows rapidly at first and then levels off at carrying capacity of it is –
(a) Limited by density dependent factors
(b) Limited by density independent factors
(c) An oppurtunistic species
(d) Relatively unaffected by limiting factors

Question- Which of the following is correct about host-specific parasites?
(a) Such parasites can parasitise only a single species of host
(b) Both host and parasite tend to co-evolve
(c) If host evolves special mechanisms for rejecting the parasite, the parasite has to evolve mechanism counteract and neutr ze them to succeed with the host species.
(d) AII

Question- A country that has a stable population is characterized by an age structure that is _______.
(a) Largest among post-reproductive years
(b) Largest among reproductive years
(c) About the same among all groups
(d) Largest among pre-reductive years

Question- Which one is a physiological adaptation to cold climate?
I. Small body
II. Accumulating glycerol and antifreezing proteins
III. Accumulating ice nucleating protein
IV. Hibernation
(a) Only I
(b) LlLIU
(c) IIJJI 
(d) I, II, III, IV

Question- Cowbirds lay their eggs in the nests of smaller birds. The fast-developing cowbird chicks hatch first, then push the other baby chicks out of the nest as they hatch. The cowbird is classified as a
(a) pathogen.
(b) parasite.
(c) mutu st.
(d) victim.

Question- The evolution of the animal immune system was probably driven by
(a) herbivores pushing the animals toward extinction.
(b) the selective pressures of parasitic and disease organisms.
(c) competition between the animals and their habitats.
(d) symbiosis between the animals and their predators.

Question- The level of com petition between-species depends on
(a) availability of resources
(b) population density
(c) group interaction of organisms
(d) All of the above

Question- Which of the following statements about competition is false?
(a) It can limit the distribution of a species.
(b) It can limit the abundance of a species.
(c) It can increase the differences between species.
(d) It can make two species become more ke.

Question. Match list I with list II and choose the correct option. 

(a) A-4, B-3, C-1, D -2
(b) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
(c) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
(d) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1

Question. Match column I with column II and select the correct option from the codes given below.   
       Column I                Column II
A. Commensalism    (i) One inhibited, other unaffected
B. Parasitism           (ii) One benefitted, other unaffected
C. Mutualism           (iii) Both are benefitted
D. Amensalism        (iv) One benefitted, other harmed
(a) A-(iv), B-(ii), C-(iii), D-(i)
(b) A-(iii), B-(iv), C-(ii), D-(i)
(c) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(iii), D-(i)
(d) A-(ii), B-(iv), C-(i), D-(iii)

Question. Carnivorous animals lions and leopards, occupy the same niche but lions predate mostly larger animals and leopards take smaller ones. This mechanism of competition is referred to as       
(a) character displacement
(b) altruism
(c) resource partitioning
(d) competitive exclusion.

Question. A biologist studied the population of rats in a barn. He found that the average natality was 250, average mortality 240, immigration 20 and emigration 30. The net increase in
population is         
(a) 05
(b) zero
(c) 10
(d) 15.

Question. Select the correct option w.r.t. age pyramids. 
(a) A-Expanding, B-Stable, C-Declining
(b) A-Stable, B-Expanding, C-Declining
(c) A-Stable, B-Declining, C-Expanding
(d) A-Declining, B-Stable, C-Expanding

Question. Which one of the following population interactions is widely used in medical science for the production of antibiotics?         
(a) Commensalism
(b) Mutualism
(c) Parasitism
(d) Amensalism

Question. Which of the following is correct?         
(a) Population change = (Birth + immigration) – (death + emigration)
(b) Population change = (Birth + immigration) + (death + emigration)
(c) Population change = (Birth + emigration) + (death – immigration)
(d) Population change = (Birth – immigration) – (death + emigration)

Question. Which is correctly labelled with respect to the given diagram?

(a) B : Logistic curve
(b) C : Carrying capacity
(c) C : Exponential curve
(d) A : Carrying capacity

Question. Which one of the following causes population explosion?         
(a) Decrease in infant mortality rate and increase in death rate 
(b) Decrease in death rate, maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate
(c) Decrease in infant mortality rate and decrease in the number of people in reproductive age
(d) Decrease in death rate and increase in maternal mortality rate

Case-based MCQs

 Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same :
Growth of a population with time shows specific and predictable patterns. Two types of growth pattern of population are exponential and logistic growth. When resources in the habitat are unlimited each species has the ability to realize fully its innate potential to grow in number. Then the population grows in exponential fashion. When the resources are limited, growth curve shows an initial slow rate and then it accelerates and finally slows giving the growth curve which is sigmoid.

Question. Study the population growth curves (A and B) in the given graph and select the incorrect statement : (Image 146)
(A) Curve ‘A’ shows exponential growth, represented by equation dN/dt=rN
(B) Curve ‘B’ shows logistic growth, represented by equation dN/dt = r(K-N)/K
(C) Exponential growth curve is considered as more realistic than the logistic growth curve
(D) Curve ‘A’ can also be represented by equation Nt = N0ert
Answer : (C)

Question. Identify the correct equation that represents the exponential population growth curve :
(A) dN/dt = rN
(B) dN/dt = rN (K-N/K)
(C) Nt =N0ert
(D) Both (A) and (C)
Answer : (D)

Question. The equations correctly represents Verhulst-Pearl logistic growth is :
(A) dN/dt = rN(K-N)/K
(B) dN/dt = rN/K
(C) dN/dt = N(K-N)/K
(D) dN/dt = r(K-N)/K
Answer : (A)

Question. The population growth is generally described by the following equation :dN/dt = rN(K – N)/K
What does ‘r’ represent in the given equation?
(A) Population density at time Y
(B) Intrinsic rate of natural increase
(C) Carrying capacity
(D) The base of natural logarithm
Answer : (B)

Question. Identify the incorrect statement :
(A) Exponential growth occurs in organisms such as lemmings.
(B) Logistic growth is more realistic.
(C) Exponential growth has two phases lag and log.
(D) In logistic growth, population passes well beyond the carrying capacity of ecosystem.
Answer : (D)

Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same :
All biomes of the earth constitute the earth’s ecosystem. All flora and fauna occur in the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere along with their environments. Air, water, soil, biota, temperature and light are the major environmental factors that directly affect the flora and fauna in different geological areas of the earth.

Question. Soil aeration is inversely proportional to :
(A) Soil pore spaces
(B) Diameter of soil particles
(C) Water holding capacity of soil
(D) None of the above.
Answer : (C)

Question. Hydrological cycle is concerned with :
(A) Lithosphere
(B) Hydrosphere
(C) Atmosphere
(D) All of these.
Answer : (D)

Question. Edaphology is concerned with study of :
(A) Soil
(B) Climate
(C) Biota
(D) Topography
Answer : (A)

Question. Climate of an area depends upon :
(A) Altitude of the area
(B) Latitude of the area
(C) Topography
(D) Both (A) and (B).
Answer : (D)